Missing female sexual partners of males having sex with males (MSM) and transgendered people (TGP) in research and intervention: A gender power politics

Introduction: Research and interventions in most South Asian countries have predominantly addressed HIV vulnerabilities of MSM and TGP without restoring their female sexual partners into the comprehensive framework of HIV prevention.

Methods: The abstract is based on qualitative data of two studies on MSM and TGP where findings are analyzed by content and contextual approaches, revealing reasons for silence in addressing female relations of MSM and TGP. Program experiences with MSM and TGP have also complemented to understand the complexities.

Results: Most MSM and many TGP, under the banner of hetero-normative and obligatory patriarchal pressure, marry women and live a multiple gendered and masculine life by hiding their sexual preferences and partnerships which are not monolithic. Despite knowing these facts and vulnerabilities, female partners of MSM and TGP are out of services ranging from social, legal, medical and public health. This is mainly because of perceived “fear and complexities” to address female partners to protect “family peace and bondage.” However, not serving all partners causes a scientific leakage in HIV intervention. Researchers and program managers understand and acknowledge this vulnerability, but remain inapt in actions due to “theoretical barriers” in questioning authoritative male sexualities which undermine female sexual rights, well-being and equality in relationships.

Discussion: Silently accepting sufferings and exploitations of women for cultural sensitivity and preserving family life of female partners of MSM and TGP rather re-instigate deeply rooted male supremacy and sexual power politics. Immediate actions are required to protect vulnerabilities of female partners of MSM and TGP.