 | The 131st Annual Meeting (November 15-19, 2003) of APHA |
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| The 131st Annual Meeting (November 15-19, 2003) of APHA |
Suzan Carmichael, PhD, California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, March of Dimes, 1830 Embarcadero, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA 94606-5226, 510-434-5342, sca@cbdmp.org
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly in which the urethral opening occurs on the ventral side of the penis, as a result of abnormal urethral closure at around 8-14 weeks gestation. Smoking may affect the development of hypospadias through its effects on maternal vascular phenomena, estrogen levels, or exposure to toxins. We will examine whether risk of hypospadias is associated with maternal exposures to cigarette smoke. The analysis will include approximately 500 case-infants with severe hypospadias, delivered from 1997-2000 in the eight states participating in the NBDPS. Controls will include approximately 1500 nonmalformed male control-infants delivered during the same years as case-infants. Exposures are assessed by maternal telephone interviews conducted within two years of delivery. Frequency of maternal smoking will be examined for the 3 months before conception and separately for each of the first 3 months of pregnancy. Maternal exposure to secondhand smoke will be examined for the same time periods and will include whether anyone in the mother’s household smoked cigarettes and whether anyone smoked cigarettes near her at work or school. We will examine the unadjusted association of each maternal smoke exposure with hypospadias, and we will examine whether covariates confound or modify these associations, including maternal race-ethnicity, education, income, age, parity, plurality, multivitamin/mineral supplement intake, infant birthweight and state of delivery. To estimate risks, maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals will be calculated from logistic regression models.
Learning Objectives:
Presenting author's disclosure statement:
I do not have any significant financial interest/arrangement or affiliation with any organization/institution whose products or services are being discussed in this session.